基于外部性理论的高等教育财政支出研究——日本的经验及启示

高等教育具有正外部性,政府应该通过财政补贴进行矫正,以促进高等教育资源优化配置。政府对高等教育的财政支出比例的确定应该遵循专业差别原则和动态调整原则。日本政府在高等教育财政支出方面的经验值得我国借鉴。     

Input Pricing and Market Share Delegation in a Vertically Related Market: Is the Timing Order Relevant?

This paper adds to the literature on the strategic use of managers’ contracts in competition by examining whether market‐share delegation, in which managers receive rewards based on a combination of profits and market share, and the order of moves affect input pricing in a vertically related market. It shows that: (i) input pricing is not affected by delegation form and the order of moves between upstream and downstream firms under quantity competition; (ii) downstream firms obtain the same profit as in the simple Nash equilibrium regardless of delegation forms in a delegation–input price–quantity competition game; and (iii) the upstream monopolist will set input price beforehand regardless of the delegation form. Since the outcomes in our model create higher quantity and lower price in a Cournot product market, it lessens the double‐marginalization problem in such a vertically separated industry.     

基础设施的外部性在中国的检验:1988—2007

基础设施作为一种投资既可以直接促进经济增长,又可以通过溢出效应间接地促进经济增长,这一结论在许多文献中得以验证,而国内有关基础设施对中国经济增长影响和溢出效应的文献并不多见。本文收集中国各省份1988—2007年的面板数据来验证三大网络性基础设施(即交通、能源和信息基础设施)对我国经济增长的溢出效应。研究结果表明,交通基础设施和信息基础设施对我国的经济增长有着显著的溢出效应;能源基础设施对我国经济增长的溢出效应并不显著,这主要是由我国的能源使用效率低所决定的。基础设施的现代化将会继续加速我国的工业化、城镇化、信息化和国际化,从而形成未来我国持续、稳定高增长的强大动力。     

Effects of Mandatory Audit Firm Rotation Upon Quality of Audit： The Perception of Audit Firms Evidence From Bahrain

The objectives of this study are： （1） to explore current audit appointment practices by audit firms in Bahrain; （2） to look into the opinions of audit firms in Bahrain on potential effects provided by implementing mandatory audit firm rotation （audit quality）; and （3） to investigate audit firms＇ views in implementing mandatory audit firm rotation in Bahrain. To achieve these objectives, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to respondents that consist of all auditors working in audit firms in Bahrain. The findings indicated that there is a significant relationship between mandatory audit firm rotation and quality of audit. The study also indicated that longer partner tenure makes the auditor＇s performance lack the quality in the auditing process. The average mean for all questions of the hypothesis together is 2.73 with average standard deviation of 0.94 which is less than half of the mean. This means that there is no dispersion among respondents about the questions of the hypothesis. Also, the analysis shows that the t-value is 29.922, which is greater than the table critical value of t （1.66）, and the p-value obtained is 0.000 which is less than the value of significance at p 〈 0.05. These results confirm statistically that there is a significant relationship, so the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted.     

Positional concern and low demand for redistribution of the poor

The two observations that (1) some low-income citizens demand low redistribution and (2) as income inequality becomes more severe a larger proportion of citizens make less demand for redistribution (Kelly and Enns (2010)) are counter-intuitive because people oppose redistribution that could be beneficial to them. Understanding the main driving factor that leads to the economic conservatism of the poor is crucial: it guides how policymakers should design redistribution. I show that positional concern can be one of these main factors. When citizens care about their relative position on consumption and their labor productivity is slightly perturbed when a new tax policy is implemented, only middle-income citizens may vote for redistribution. Compared with the prospect of upward mobility hypothesis, I provide a testable prediction for the relationship between economic inequality and the economic conservatism of the poor. If positional concern is the main driving factor, policymakers should focus on increasing the low-income citizens’ standard of living to the middle class; and if the prospect of upward mobility is the main factor then they should focus on minimizing income gaps.     

出口影响经济增长的机制:外部效应视角的实证考察

本文采用费德的外部效应模型,运用2002-2004年31个省市的相关数据进行实证分析,结果表明,出口部门通过要素边际生产力差异引起的资源重新配置效应和对非出口部门的正外部效应两条渠道促进经济增长。在考虑出口商品结构基础上,应用扩展的费德模型对农产品出口和非农产品出口的外部效应进一步考察发现,农产品出口总体上没有产生外部效应,而非农产品出口则产生了外部效应,存在间接促进经济增长的机制。由上述结论可解读出若干政策含义。     

On the proportionality of EU spatial ex ante coexistence regulations: A comment

In their recent article in this journal, Demont et al. (2009) discuss the effects of alternative spatial ex ante coexistence regulations (SEACERs) in the context of the EU regulatory framework. We retain from Demont et al. (2009) that small pollen barriers should be considered as a possible regulatory option in all identifiable situations in which they are as effective as large isolation distances. This idea is in accordance with the proportionality principle of the 2003 EC Recommendation. But further analysis of how consumer choice and consumer welfare are affected should be conducted before supporting the idea that SEACERs should be flexible, that is that GMO farmers should always have the option of paying their non-GMO neighbours to implement the SEACERs in their own fields. We reject the authors’ argument that pollen barriers are necessarily more easily negotiable among neighbours (more “flexible”) than are isolation distances. We contest the relation of proportionality to the size of market signals for IP products. We contest the idea of shifting coexistence regulation from ex ante to ex post. We believe that any economic analysis of coexistence measures should include their welfare effects on consumers as well as on producers.     

双边贸易、外汇市场规模、网络外部性与美元的国际地位——基于国别(地区)市场的实证研究

美元堪称世界的"霸权"货币,其地位的维持要借助在位货币的优势和外力支持,本文通过面板模型对美元国际地位的影响因素进行了实证分析。在静态面板模型中发现,一国(地区)同美国的实际进出口贸易额、一国(地区)外汇市场规模对美元的国际地位均产生重要的正面影响,这表明一国(地区)与美国的实际进出口贸易额越大或一国(地区)外汇市场越发达,该国(地区)对美元的需求量越大。随后的动态面板模型不仅支持了上述结论,而且发现前一期外汇市场的实际货币交易量也是影响美元充当主要国际货币的重要因素,一国(地区)前一期外汇市场的实际货币交易量越大,其越青睐于持有美元,美元在该国(地区)的地位就越高。这一结论证实了网络外部性效应所发挥的重要作用。     

旅游经营活动中的外部不经济探析

本文运用马歇尔和庇古的外部性理论分析了当前旅游开发和经营中的外部不经济现象,探寻了造成旅游开发和经营外部不经济的原因,提出了弱化旅游开发与经营外部不经济的建议。     

环境规制的法律政策研究——从经济学的角度来分析

伴随着我国工业化程度不断提高和经济的快速发展,环境保护已经成为一个人们普遍关注和研究的重点。如何制定和实施法律规制政策以应对来自经济、生态和社会承载力方面的挑战,成为摆在我们面前的一个重大课题。由于环境法律政策涉及生态、技术、社会和经济现实状况等多方面的复杂性,因此,深入理解经济学和法学的相关知识是设计良好法律政策的关键。本文运用经济学的方法,从分析环境规制的内在动因入手,研究环境规制的相关法律政策,并结合实际提出我国应在传统直接规制和运用环境税收手段的基础上,逐步引入旨在创造激励机制的基于市场的法律规制政策。